Análisis de redes sociales para catalizar la innovación agrícola: de los vínculos directos a la integración y radialidad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2016.06.006Palavras-chave:
Redes de información, Sistema de innovación, Redes de innovación, Vínculos indirectos, Extensión agrícolaResumo
Se analizan los efectos de las interacciones, directas e indirectas, entre agricultores y otros actores relevantes en el intercambio de informacion y conocimiento para la innovacion agricola. Los datos se obtuvieron al preguntar a 120 agricultores «¿de quien aprende y/o a quien recurre para obtener informacion o conocimiento de cuestiones tecnicas y productivas en torno a su unidad de produccion?». Se emplean indicadores del analisis de redes sociales para proponer lineamientos que permitan catalizar la innovación agricola. Los resultados confirman la importancia de los vinculos indirectos, pues estos permiten que los agricultores alcancen mejor informacion de fuentes externas. Se recomienda que los programas encaminados a promover la innovacion agricola consideren la interaccion preexistente en las redes de los agricultores.
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Referências
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Aguilar-Gallegos, N., Muñoz-Rodríguez, M., Santoyo-Cortés, H., Aguilar-Ávila, J. y Klerkx, L. (2015). Information networks that generate economic value: A study on clusters of adopters of new or improved technologies and practices among oil palm growers in Mexico. Agricultural Systems, 135, 122–132.
Aguirre Ríos, C. E. y Santoyo Cortés, V. H. (2013). El cultivo del árbol del hule (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg.): avances y retos en la gestión de la innovación. Chapingo, México: Universidad Autónoma Chapingo - CIESTAAM.
Aguirre, J. (2015). Inteligencia estratégica: un sistema para gestionar la innovación. Estudios Gerenciales, 31(134), 100–110.
Bonacich, P. (1987). Power and centrality: A family of measures. American Journal of Sociology, 92(5), 1170–1182.
Bonacich, P. (1972). Factoring and weighting approaches to status scores and clique identification. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 2(1), 113–120.
Borgatti, S. P. (2002). Netdraw Network Visualization. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.
Borgatti, S. P. (2005). Centrality and network flow. Social Networks, 27(1), 55–71.
Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G. y Freeman, L. C. (2002). Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.
Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G. y Johnson, J. C. (2013). Analyzing Social Networks. London: SAGE Publications Limited.
Bozoglu, M. y Ceyhan, V. (2007). Measuring the technical efficiency and exploring the inefficiency determinants of vegetable farms in Samsun province Turkey. Agricultural Systems, 94(3), 649–656.
Costenbader, E. y Valente, T. W. (2003). The stability of centrality measures when networks are sampled. Social Networks, 25(4), 283–307.
De Arteche, M., Santucci, M. y Welsh, S. V. (2013). Redes y clusters para la innovación y la transferencia del conocimiento. Impacto en el crecimiento regional en Argentina. Estudios Gerenciales, 29(127), 127–138.
De Nooy, W., Mrvar, A. y Batagelj, V. (2005). Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
De Stefano, D., Fuccella, V., Vitale, M. P. y Zaccarin, S. (2013). The use of different data sources in the analysis of co-authorship networks and scientific performance. Social Networks, 35(3), 370–381.
EU-SCAR. (2012). Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems in Transition–a reflection paper. Brussels: European Commission. http://doi.org/10.2777/34991.
Freeman, L. C. (1979). Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215–239.
Freeman, L. C., Borgatti, S. P. y White, D. R. (1991). Centrality in valued graphs: A measure of betweenness based on network flow. Social Networks, 13(2), 141–154.
García Sánchez, E. I., Aguilar Ávila, J. y Bernal Muñoz, R. (2011). La agricultura protegida en Tlaxcala. Méjico: La adopción de innovaciones y el nivel de equipamiento como factores para su categorización. Teuken Bidikay, 2, 193–212.
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380.
Hanneman, R. A. y Riddle, M. (2011). Concepts and measures for basic network analysis. En J. Scott y P. J. Carrington (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis (pp. 340–369). London, UK: SAGE.
Hartwich, F., Monge Pérez, M., Ampuero Ramos, L. y Soto, J. L. (2007). Knowledge management for agricultural innovation: Lessons from networking efforts in the Bolivian Agricultural Technology System. Knowledge Management for Development Journal, 3(2), 21–37.
Hayami, Y. y Ruttan, V. W. (1989). Desarrollo agrícola: una perspectiva internacional. México, DF: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Isaac, M. E. (2012). Agricultural information exchange and organizational ties: The effect of network topology on managing agrodiversity. Agricultural Systems, 109, 9–15.
Jackson, M. O. (2008). Social And Economic Networks. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.
Klerkx, L., Aarts, N. y Leeuwis, C. (2010). Adaptive management in agricultural innovation systems: The interactions between innovation networks and their environment. Agricultural Systems, 103(6), 390–400.
Klerkx, L., Hall, A. y Leeuwis, C. (2009). Strengthening agricultural innovation capacity: Are innovation brokers the answer? International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 8(5/6), 409–438.
Klerkx, L. y Leeuwis, C. (2008). Matching demand and supply in the agricultural knowledge infrastructure: Experiences with innovation intermediaries. Food Policy, 33(3), 260–276.
Mariano, M. J., Villano, R. y Fleming, E. (2012). Factors influencing farmers' adoption of modern rice technologies and good management practices in the Philippines. Agricultural Systems, 110, 41–53.
Marin, A. y Wellman, B. (2011). Social network analysis: An introduction. En J. Scott y P. J. Carrington (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis (pp. 11–25). London, UK: SAGE.
Marsden, P. V. (1990). Network data and measurement. Annual Review of Sociology, 16(1), 435–463.
Marsden, P. V. (2005). Recent development in network measurement. En P. J. Carrington, J. Scott, y S. Wasserman (Eds.), Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis (pp. 8–30). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Martínez-González, E. G., Muñoz-Rodríguez, M., García-Muñiz, J. G., Santoyo-Cortés, V. H., Altamirano-Cárdenas, J. R. y Romero-Márquez, C. (2011). El fomento de la ovinocultura familiar en México mediante subsidios en activos: lecciones aprendidas. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 22(2), 367–377.
Monge Pérez, M. y Hartwich, F. (2008). Análisis de Redes Sociales aplicado al estudio de los procesos de innovación agrícola. Redes. Revista Hispana para el Análisis de Redes Sociales, 14(2), 1–31.
Muñoz Rodríguez, M., Aguilar Ávila, J., Rendón Medel, R. y Altamirano Cárdenas, J. R. (2007). Análisis de la dinámica de innovación en cadenas agroalimentarias. Chapingo, México: Universidad Autónoma Chapingo - CIESTAAM/PIIAI.
Muñoz Rodríguez, M., Altamirano Cárdenas, J. R., Aguilar Ávila, J., Rendón Medel, R. y Espejel García, A. (2007). Innovación: motor de la competitividad agroalimentaria. Políticas y estrategias para que en México ocurra. Chapingo, México: Universidad Autónoma Chapingo - CIESTAAM/PIIAI.
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Narayanam, R. y Narahari, Y. (2011). Topologies of strategically formed social networks based on a generic value function–Allocation rule model. Social Networks, 33(1), 56–69.
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Rajalahti, R., Janssen, W. y Pehu, E. (2008). Agricultural Innovation Systems: From Diagnostics toward Operational Practices Systems. Washington, DC: Agriculture and Rural Development Department, World Bank.
Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed). New York, NY: Free Press.
SAGARPA-SIAP (2014). Servicio de información agroalimentaria y pesquera (SIAP) [consultado 7 Feb 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.siap.gob.mx.
SAS (2004). SAS/STAT (R). User's Guide, Version 9. Cary, N.C., USA: Statistical Analysis System.
Spielman, D. J., Ekboir, J. y Davis, K. (2009). The art and science of innovation systems inquiry: Applications to sub-Saharan African agriculture. Technology in Society, 31(4), 399–405.
Spielman, D. J., Ekboir, J., Davis, K. y Ochieng, C. M. O. (2008). An innovation systems perspective on strengthening agricultural education and training in sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural Systems, 98(1), 1–9.
Valente, T. W. (2012). Network interventions. Science, 337(6090), 49–53.
Valente, T. W. (1996). Social network thresholds in the diffusion of innovations. Social Networks, 18(1), 69–89.
Valente, T. W. (1995). Network models of the diffusion of innovations. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Valente, T. W. y Foreman, R. K. (1998). Integration and radiality: Measuring the extent of an individual's connectedness and reachability in a network. Social Networks, 20(1), 89–105.
Velázquez-Álvarez, O. A. y Aguilar-Gallegos, N. (2005). Manual introductorio al análisis de redes sociales. Ejemplos prácticos con UCINET 6.85 y NETDRAW 1.48. Medidas de centralidad. Toluca: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México.
Wasserman, S. y Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Wood, B. A., Blair, H. T., Gray, D. I., Kemp, P. D., Kenyon, P. R., Morris, S. T., et al. (2014). Agricultural science in the wild: A social network analysis of farmer knowledge exchange. PloS One, 9(8), e105203.
World Bank. (2012). Agricultural innovation systems: An investment sourcebook. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Aguirre Ríos y Santoyo Cortés, 2013. Aguirre C.E., Santoyo V.H. El cultivo del árbol del hule (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg.): avances y retos en la gestión de la innovación. Chapingo, México: Universidad Autónoma Chapingo - CIESTAAM, (2013) .
Aguirre, 2015. Aguirre J. Inteligencia estratégica: un sistema para gestionar la innovación. Estudios Gerenciales. 2015;31(134):100-10.
Bonacich, 1987. Bonacich P. Power and centrality: A family of measures. American Journal of Sociology. 1987;92(5):1170-82.
Bonacich, 1972. Bonacich P. Factoring and weighting approaches to status scores and clique identification. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology. 1972;2(1):113-20.
Borgatti, 2002. Borgatti S.P. Netdraw Network Visualization. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies, (2002) .
Borgatti, 2005. Borgatti S.P. Centrality and network flow. Social Networks. 2005;27(1):55-71.
Borgatti et al., 2002. Borgatti S.P., Everett M.G., Freeman L.C. Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies, (2002) .
Borgatti et al., 2013. Borgatti S.P., Everett M.G., Johnson J.C. Analyzing Social Networks. London: SAGE Publications Limited, (2013) .
Bozoğlu y Ceyhan, 2007. Bozoğlu M., Ceyhan V. Measuring the technical efficiency and exploring the inefficiency determinants of vegetable farms in Samsun province Turkey. Agricultural Systems. 2007;94(3):649-56.
Costenbader y Valente, 2003. Costenbader E., Valente T.W. The stability of centrality measures when networks are sampled. Social Networks. 2003;25(4):283-307.
De Arteche et al., 2013. De M., Santucci M., Welsh S.V. Redes y clusters para la innovación y la transferencia del conocimiento. Impacto en el crecimiento regional en Argentina. Estudios Gerenciales. 2013;29(127):127-38.
De Nooy et al., 2005. De W., Mrvar A., Batagelj V. Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, (2005) .
De Stefano et al., 2013. De D., Fuccella V., Vitale M.P., Zaccarin S. The use of different data sources in the analysis of co-authorship networks and scientific performance. Social Networks. 2013;35(3):370-81.
EU-SCAR, 2012. EU-SCAR. (2012). Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems in Transition—a reflection paper. Brussels: European Commission. http://doi.org/10.2777/34991.
Freeman, 1979. Freeman L.C. Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social Networks. 1979;1(3):215-39.
Freeman et al., 1991. Freeman L.C., Borgatti S.P., White D.R. Centrality in valued graphs: A measure of betweenness based on network flow. Social Networks. 1991;13(2):141-54.
García Sánchez et al., 2011. García E.I., Aguilar J., Bernal R. La agricultura protegida en Tlaxcala. Méjico: La adopción de innovaciones y el nivel de equipamiento como factores para su categorización. Teuken Bidikay. 2011;2:193-212.
Granovetter, 1973. Granovetter M.S. The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology. 1973;78(6):1360-80.
Hanneman y Riddle, 2011. Hanneman R.A., Riddle M. Concepts and measures for basic network analysis. The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis, London, UK: SAGE, 2011. pp. 340-69.
Hartwich et al., 2007. Hartwich F., Monge M., Ampuero L., Soto J.L. Knowledge management for agricultural innovation: Lessons from networking efforts in the Bolivian Agricultural Technology System. Knowledge Management for Development Journal. 2007;3(2):21-37.
Hayami y Ruttan, 1989. Hayami Y., Ruttan V.W. Desarrollo agrícola: una perspectiva internacional. México, DF: Fondo de Cultura Económica, (1989) .
Isaac, 2012. Isaac M.E. Agricultural information exchange and organizational ties: The effect of network topology on managing agrodiversity. Agricultural Systems. 2012;109:9-15.
Jackson, 2008. Jackson M.O. Social And Economic Networks. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, (2008) .
Klerkx et al., 2010. Klerkx L., Aarts N., Leeuwis C. Adaptive management in agricultural innovation systems: The interactions between innovation networks and their environment. Agricultural Systems. 2010;103(6):390-400.
Klerkx et al., 2009. Klerkx L., Hall A., Leeuwis C. Strengthening agricultural innovation capacity: Are innovation brokers the answer?. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology. 2009;8(5/6):409-38.
Klerkx y Leeuwis, 2008. Klerkx L., Leeuwis C. Matching demand and supply in the agricultural knowledge infrastructure: Experiences with innovation intermediaries. Food Policy. 2008;33(3):260-76.
Mariano et al., 2012. Mariano M.J., Villano R., Fleming E. Factors influencing farmers’ adoption of modern rice technologies and good management practices in the Philippines. Agricultural Systems. 2012;110:41-53.
Marin y Wellman, 2011. Marin A., Wellman B. Social network analysis: An introduction. The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis, London, UK: SAGE, 2011. pp. 11-25.
Marsden, 1990. Marsden P.V. Network data and measurement. Annual Review of Sociology. 1990;16(1):435-63.
Marsden, 2005. Marsden P.V. Recent development in network measurement. Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. pp. 8-30.
Martínez-González et al., 2011. Martínez-González E.G., Muñoz-Rodríguez M., García-Muñiz J.G., Santoyo-Cortés V.H., Altamirano-Cárdenas J.R., Romero-Márquez C. El fomento de la ovinocultura familiar en México mediante subsidios en activos: lecciones aprendidas. Agronomía Mesoamericana. 2011;22(2):367-77.
Monge Pérez y Hartwich, 2008. Monge M., Hartwich F. Análisis de Redes Sociales aplicado al estudio de los procesos de innovación agrícola. Redes. Revista Hispana para el Análisis de Redes Sociales. 2008;14(2):1-31.
Muñoz Rodríguez et al., 2007a. Muñoz M., Aguilar J., Rendón R., Altamirano J.R. Análisis de la dinámica de innovación en cadenas agroalimentarias. Chapingo, México: Universidad Autónoma Chapingo - CIESTAAM/PIIAI, (2007) .
Muñoz Rodríguez et al., 2007b. Muñoz M., Altamirano J.R., Aguilar J., Rendón R., Espejel A. Innovación: motor de la competitividad agroalimentaria. Políticas y estrategias para que en México ocurra. Chapingo, México: Universidad Autónoma Chapingo - CIESTAAM/PIIAI, (2007) .
Muñoz Rodríguez y Santoyo Cortés, 2010. Muñoz M., Santoyo V.H. Del extensionismo a las redes de innovación. Del extensionismo a las redes de innovación, Chapingo, México: Universidad Autónoma Chapingo - CIESTAAM, 2010. pp. 31-69.
Narayanam y Narahari, 2011. Narayanam R., Narahari Y. Topologies of strategically formed social networks based on a generic value function—Allocation rule model. Social Networks. 2011;33(1):56-69.
OECD, 2005. OECD Manual de Oslo. Guía para la recogida e interpretación de datos sobre innovación. 3rd ed, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, (2005) .
OECD, 2013. OECD Regions and Innovation Collaborating across Borders. Paris: OECD Publishing, (2013) .
OECD, 2014. OECD Innovation and modernising the rural economy. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, (2014) .
Perez, 2004. Perez C. Technological revolutions. paradigm shifts and socio-institutional change. Globalization, Economic Development and Inequality: An Alternative Perspective, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2004. pp. 217-42.
Rajalahti et al., 2008. Rajalahti R., Janssen W., Pehu E. Agricultural Innovation Systems: From Diagnostics toward Operational Practices Systems. Washington, DC: Agriculture and Rural Development Department, World Bank, (2008) .
Rogers, 2003. Rogers E.M. Diffusion of innovations. 5th ed, New York, NY: Free Press, (2003) .
SAGARPA-SIAP, 2014. SAGARPA-SIAP (2014). Servicio de información agroalimentaria y pesquera (SIAP) [consultado 7 Feb 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.siap.gob.mx.
SAS, 2004. SAS (2004). SAS/STAT (R). User's Guide, Version 9. Cary, N.C., USA: Statistical Analysis System.
Spielman et al., 2009. Spielman D.J., Ekboir J., Davis K. The art and science of innovation systems inquiry: Applications to sub-Saharan African agriculture. Technology in Society. 2009;31(4):399-405.
Spielman et al., 2008. Spielman D.J., Ekboir J., Davis K., Ochieng C.M.O. An innovation systems perspective on strengthening agricultural education and training in sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural Systems. 2008;98(1):1-9.
Valente, 2012. Valente T.W. Network interventions. Science. 2012;337(6090):49-53.
Valente, 1996. Valente T.W. Social network thresholds in the diffusion of innovations. Social Networks. 1996;18(1):69-89.
Valente, 1995. Valente T.W. Network models of the diffusion of innovations. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, (1995) .
Valente y Foreman, 1998. Valente T.W., Foreman R.K. Integration and radiality: Measuring the extent of an individual's connectedness and reachability in a network. Social Networks. 1998;20(1):89-105.
Velázquez-Álvarez y Aguilar-Gallegos, 2005. Velázquez-Álvarez O.A., Aguilar-Gallegos N. Manual introductorio al análisis de redes sociales. Ejemplos prácticos con UCINET 6.85 y NETDRAW 1.48. Medidas de centralidad. Toluca: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, (2005).
Wasserman y Faust, 1994. Wasserman S., Faust K. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, (1994) .
Wood et al., 2014. Wood B.A., Blair H.T., Gray D.I., Kemp P.D., Kenyon P.R., Morris S.T., et al. Agricultural science in the wild: A social network analysis of farmer knowledge exchange. PloS One. 2014;9(8):e105203.
World Bank, 2012. Bank World Agricultural innovation systems: An investment sourcebook. Washington, DC: The World Bank, (2012) .
Aguilar Gallegos, N., Muñoz Rodríguez, M., Santoyo Cortés, V. H. y Aguilar Ávila, J. (2013). Influencia del perfil de los productores en la adopción de innovaciones en tres cultivos tropicales. Teuken Bidikay, 4, 207–228.
Aguilar-Gallegos, N., Muñoz-Rodríguez, M., Santoyo-Cortés, H., Aguilar-Ávila, J. y Klerkx, L. (2015). Information networks that generate economic value: A study on clusters of adopters of new or improved technologies and practices among oil palm growers in Mexico. Agricultural Systems, 135, 122–132.
Aguirre Ríos, C. E. y Santoyo Cortés, V. H. (2013). El cultivo del árbol del hule (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg.): avances y retos en la gestión de la innovación. Chapingo, México: Universidad Autónoma Chapingo - CIESTAAM.
Aguirre, J. (2015). Inteligencia estratégica: un sistema para gestionar la innovación. Estudios Gerenciales, 31(134), 100–110.
Bonacich, P. (1987). Power and centrality: A family of measures. American Journal of Sociology, 92(5), 1170–1182.
Bonacich, P. (1972). Factoring and weighting approaches to status scores and clique identification. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 2(1), 113–120.
Borgatti, S. P. (2002). Netdraw Network Visualization. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.
Borgatti, S. P. (2005). Centrality and network flow. Social Networks, 27(1), 55–71.
Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G. y Freeman, L. C. (2002). Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.
Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G. y Johnson, J. C. (2013). Analyzing Social Networks. London: SAGE Publications Limited.
Bozoglu, M. y Ceyhan, V. (2007). Measuring the technical efficiency and exploring the inefficiency determinants of vegetable farms in Samsun province Turkey. Agricultural Systems, 94(3), 649–656.
Costenbader, E. y Valente, T. W. (2003). The stability of centrality measures when networks are sampled. Social Networks, 25(4), 283–307.
De Arteche, M., Santucci, M. y Welsh, S. V. (2013). Redes y clusters para la innovación y la transferencia del conocimiento. Impacto en el crecimiento regional en Argentina. Estudios Gerenciales, 29(127), 127–138.
De Nooy, W., Mrvar, A. y Batagelj, V. (2005). Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
De Stefano, D., Fuccella, V., Vitale, M. P. y Zaccarin, S. (2013). The use of different data sources in the analysis of co-authorship networks and scientific performance. Social Networks, 35(3), 370–381.
EU-SCAR. (2012). Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems in Transition–a reflection paper. Brussels: European Commission. http://doi.org/10.2777/34991.
Freeman, L. C. (1979). Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215–239.
Freeman, L. C., Borgatti, S. P. y White, D. R. (1991). Centrality in valued graphs: A measure of betweenness based on network flow. Social Networks, 13(2), 141–154.
García Sánchez, E. I., Aguilar Ávila, J. y Bernal Muñoz, R. (2011). La agricultura protegida en Tlaxcala. Méjico: La adopción de innovaciones y el nivel de equipamiento como factores para su categorización. Teuken Bidikay, 2, 193–212.
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380.
Hanneman, R. A. y Riddle, M. (2011). Concepts and measures for basic network analysis. En J. Scott y P. J. Carrington (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis (pp. 340–369). London, UK: SAGE.
Hartwich, F., Monge Pérez, M., Ampuero Ramos, L. y Soto, J. L. (2007). Knowledge management for agricultural innovation: Lessons from networking efforts in the Bolivian Agricultural Technology System. Knowledge Management for Development Journal, 3(2), 21–37.
Hayami, Y. y Ruttan, V. W. (1989). Desarrollo agrícola: una perspectiva internacional. México, DF: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Isaac, M. E. (2012). Agricultural information exchange and organizational ties: The effect of network topology on managing agrodiversity. Agricultural Systems, 109, 9–15.
Jackson, M. O. (2008). Social And Economic Networks. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.
Klerkx, L., Aarts, N. y Leeuwis, C. (2010). Adaptive management in agricultural innovation systems: The interactions between innovation networks and their environment. Agricultural Systems, 103(6), 390–400.
Klerkx, L., Hall, A. y Leeuwis, C. (2009). Strengthening agricultural innovation capacity: Are innovation brokers the answer? International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 8(5/6), 409–438.
Klerkx, L. y Leeuwis, C. (2008). Matching demand and supply in the agricultural knowledge infrastructure: Experiences with innovation intermediaries. Food Policy, 33(3), 260–276.
Mariano, M. J., Villano, R. y Fleming, E. (2012). Factors influencing farmers' adoption of modern rice technologies and good management practices in the Philippines. Agricultural Systems, 110, 41–53.
Marin, A. y Wellman, B. (2011). Social network analysis: An introduction. En J. Scott y P. J. Carrington (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis (pp. 11–25). London, UK: SAGE.
Marsden, P. V. (1990). Network data and measurement. Annual Review of Sociology, 16(1), 435–463.
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2016-09-22
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Análisis de redes sociales para catalizar la innovación agrícola: de los vínculos directos a la integración y radialidad. (2016). Estudios Gerenciales, 32(140), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2016.06.006
