Liderazgo electrónico, un reto ineludible para las organizaciones de hoy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2016.08.003Keywords:
Liderazgo, Liderazgo electrónico, E-liderazgo, Ciencias de la dirección, Equipos virtualesAbstract
El objetivo de este estudio es describir y conceptualizar la noción de liderazgo electrónico y el reto que suponen para los líderes las nuevas formas de relación que implica este tipo de liderazgo. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica, se analiza la complejidad de liderar equipos virtuales a través de distintas formas de interacción, sugiriendo cambios en el ejercicio del liderazgo, no solo para lograr que este sea efectivo, sino también para que las organizaciones aprovechen las ventajas que ofrecen las nuevas tecnologías y eviten quedar relegadas en un mundo cada vez más virtualizado. Finalmente, se discuten las limitaciones y las posibilidades de desarrollo del liderazgo en contextos virtuales, para avanzar en este campo emergente de conocimiento.
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References
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Avolio, B. J. y Kahai, S. S. (2003). Adding the E to e-leadership: How it may impact your leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 31, 325–338.
Avolio, B. J., Kahai, S. y Dodge, G. E. (2001). E-leadership: Implications for theory, research, and practice. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 615–668.
Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S. y Baker, B. (2014). E-leadership: Re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 105–131.
Besson, P. y Rowe, F. (2012). Strategizing information systems-enabled organizational transformation: A transdisciplinary review and new directions. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 21, 103–124.
Brandl, J. y Neyer, A. K. (2009). Applying cognitive adjustment theory to crosscultural training for global virtual teams. Human Resource Management, 48(3), 341–353.
Chatterjee, D., Grewal, R. y Sambamurthy, V. (2002). Shaping up fore e-comerce: Institutional enablers of the organizational assimilation of web technologies. MIS Quarterly, 26(2), 65–89.
Coerdery, J., Soo, C., Kirkaman, B., Rosen, B. y Mathieu, J. (2009). Leading parallel global virtual teams: Lessons from Alcoa. Organizational Dynamics, 38(3), 204–216.
Contreras, F. (2008). Liderazgo: perspectivas de desarrollo e investigación. International Journal of Psychological Research, 1, 64–72.
Crawford-Mathis, K. J. (2009). Concepts and challenges of e-leadership. En I. Lee (Ed.), Electronic Business: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Daft, R. L. y Lengel, R. H. (1986). Organization information requirements, media richness, and structural design. Management Science, 32(5), 554–571.
Daim, T. U., Ha, A., Reutiman, S., Hughes, B., Pathak, U., Bynum, W., et al. (2012). Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams. International Journal of Project Management, 30(2), 199–212.
Dasgupta, P. (2011). Literature review: e-Leadership. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 4(1), 1–36.
De Andrea, D. C., Tong, S. T. y Walther, J. B. (2011). Dark sides of computer-mediated communication. En W. R. Cupach y B. H. Spitzberg (Eds.), The Dark Side of Close Relationships II. New York, NY: Routledge.
Derosa, D. M., Hantula, D. A., Kock, N. y d'Arcy, J. (2004). Trust and leadership in virtual teamwork: A media naturalness perspective. Human Resource Management, 43(2/3), 219–232.
De Sanctis, G. y Poole, M. S. (1994). Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use: Adaptive Structuration Theory. Organization Science, 5, 121–147.
De Sanctis, G. y Poole, M. S. (1997). Transitions in teamwork in new organizational forms. Advances in Group Processes, 14, 157–176.
Dreyfus, H. L., Dreyfus, S. E. y Athanasiou, T. (2000). Mind Over Machine. New York, NY: Free Press.
Eisenbeiss, M., Blechschmidt, B., Backhaus, K. y Freund, P. A. (2012). The (real) world is not enough: Motivational drivers and user behavior in virtual worlds. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26, 4–20.
Fan, K. T. (2013). Investigating the perceived of e-leadership style change and its consequence in virtual context. Diversity, technology, and innovation for operational competitiveness. In Actas de 2013 International Conference on Technology Innovation and Industrial Management. S4 298-S4 318.
Fan, K. T., Chen, Y. H., Wang, C. W. y Chen, M. (2014). E-leadership effectiveness in virtual teams: Motivating language perspective. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(3), 421–437.
Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. C. y Cannella, A. A. (2007). Strategic Leadership: Theory and Research on Executives, Top Management Teams, and Boards. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Gilstrap, C. y Hendershot, B. (2015). E-leaders and uncertainty management: A computer-supported qualitative investigation. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 16(1), 86–96.
Goldenberg, J. y Mazursky, D. (2002). Creativity in Product Innovation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hambley, L. A., O'Neill, T. A. y Kline, T. J. B. (2007). Virtual team leadership: perspectives from the field. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 3(1), 40–64.
Hiltz, S. R., Dufner, D., Holmes, M. y Poole, S. (1991). Distributes group support systems: Social dynamics and design dilemmas. Journal of Organizational Computing, 2(1), 135–159.
Hunsaker, P. L. y Hunsaker, J. S. (2008). Virtual teams: a leader's guide. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 14(1/2), 86–101.
Jarvenpaa, S. L., Leidner, D. E. y Pearlson, K. (1995). Global customer service for the computer and communications industry. En P. C. Palvia y E. M. Roche (Eds.), Global Information Technology and Systems Management. Harrisburg, PA: Ivy League Publishing.
Kahai, S. S. (2013). Leading in a digital age: What's different, issues raised, and what we know. En M. C. Bligh y R. E. Riggio (Eds.), Exploring Distance in Leader–Follower Relationships: When Near is Far and Far is Near.. New York, NY: Routledge.
Kahai, S. S., Sosik, J. J. y Avolio, B. J. (2003). Effects of leadership style, anonymity and rewards in an electronic meeting system context. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 499–524.
Kahai, S. S., Sosik, J. J. y Avolio, B. J. (2013). Effects of transformational leadership and media on collaboration and performance in virtual teams. En N. S. Hill y N. M. Lorinkova (Eds.), Leadership in Virtual Groups: Looking Back and Charting Paths Forward. Orlando, FL: Simposio realizado en la reunión de la Academy of Management.
Kayworth, T. R. y Leidner, D. E. (2002). Leadership effectiveness in global virtual teams. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(3), 7–40.
Korzynski, P. (2013). Online social networks and leadership. International Journal of Manpower, 34(8), 975–994.
Kramer, N. C. y Winter, S. (2008). Impression management 2.0: The relationship of self-steem, extraversion, self-efficacy, and self-presentation within social networking sites. Journal of Media Psychology, 20, 106–116.
Lee, A. E. (1994). Electronic mail as a medium for rich communication: An empirical investigation using hermeneutic interpretation. MIS Quarterly, 18(2), 145–157.
Lee, M. R. (2009). Effective virtual project management using multiple e-leadership styles. In Encyclopedia of e-Business Development and Management in the Global Economy, Business Science Reference. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Leonard, B. (2011). Managing virtual teams. HR Magazine, 56(6), 39–42.
Mac Lean, K. E. (2008). Haptic interaction design for everyday interfaces. Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 4, 149–193.
Malhotra, A., Majchrzak, A. y Rosen, B. (2007). Leading virtual teams. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(1), 60–70.
Mignonac, K. y Herrbach, O. (2004). Linking work events, affective states, and attitudes: An empirical study of managers' emotions. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 221–240.
Montoya, M. M., Massey, A. P. y Lockwood, N. S. (2011). 3 D collaborative virtual environments: Exploring the link between collaborative behaviors and team performance. Decision Sciences, 42, 451–476.
Politis, J. (2014). The effect of e-leadership on organizational trust and commitment of virtual teams. European Conference on Management, Leadership & Governance. Academic Conferences International Limited.
Purvanova, R. K. y Bono, J. E. (2009). Transformational leadership in context: Face-to face and virtual teams. The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 343–357.
Rosen, B., Furst, S. y Blackburn, R. (2006). Training for virtual teams: An investigation of current practices and future needs. Human Resources Management, 45(2), 229–247.
Savolainen, T. y Hakkinen, S. (2011). Trusted to lead: Trustworthiness and its impact on leadership. Technology Innovation Management Review, 52–56.
Shapiro, C. y Variant, H. R. (2000). El dominio de la información. Barcelona: Antoni Bosch.
Small, G. W., Moody, T. D., Siddarth, P. y Bookheimer, S. Y. (2009). Your brain on Google: Patterns of cerebral activation during Internet searching. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 116–126.
Sosik, J. J. (1997). Effects of transformational leadership and anonymity on idea generation in computer-mediated groups. Group & Organization Management, 22, 460–487.
Sosik, J. J., Avolio, B. J. y Kahai, S. S. (1997). The impact of leadership style and anonymity on group potency and effectiveness in a GDSS environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 89–103.
Sosik, J. J., Avolio, B. J., Kahai, S. S. y Jung, D. I. (1998). Computer-supported work group potency and effectiveness: The role of transformational leadership, anonymity, and task interdependence. Computers in Human Behavior, 14, 491–511.
Warkentin, M. E., Sayeed, L. y Hightower, R. (1997). Virtual teams versus face-to face teams: An exploratory study of a web-based conference system. Decision Sciences, 28(4), 975–996.
Weisband, S. (2008). Leadership at a Distance: Research in Technologically-Supported Work. New York, NY: Erlbaum.
Zaccaro, S. J. y Bader, P. (2003). E-leadership and the challenges of leading e-teams: Minimizing the bad and maximizing the good. Organizational Dynamics, 31(4), 377–387.
Zimmermann, A. (2011). Interpersonal relationships in transnational, virtual teams: towards a configurational perspective. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(1), 59–78.
Antonakis, J. y Atwater, L. (2002). Leader distance: A review and a proposed theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 673–704.
Avolio, B. J. (2007). Promoting more integrative strategies for leadership theorybuilding. American Psychology, 62, 25–33.
Avolio, B. J. y Kahai, S. S. (2003). Adding the E to e-leadership: How it may impact your leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 31, 325–338.
Avolio, B. J., Kahai, S. y Dodge, G. E. (2001). E-leadership: Implications for theory, research, and practice. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 615–668.
Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S. y Baker, B. (2014). E-leadership: Re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 105–131.
Besson, P. y Rowe, F. (2012). Strategizing information systems-enabled organizational transformation: A transdisciplinary review and new directions. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 21, 103–124.
Brandl, J. y Neyer, A. K. (2009). Applying cognitive adjustment theory to crosscultural training for global virtual teams. Human Resource Management, 48(3), 341–353.
Chatterjee, D., Grewal, R. y Sambamurthy, V. (2002). Shaping up fore e-comerce: Institutional enablers of the organizational assimilation of web technologies. MIS Quarterly, 26(2), 65–89.
Coerdery, J., Soo, C., Kirkaman, B., Rosen, B. y Mathieu, J. (2009). Leading parallel global virtual teams: Lessons from Alcoa. Organizational Dynamics, 38(3), 204–216.
Contreras, F. (2008). Liderazgo: perspectivas de desarrollo e investigación. International Journal of Psychological Research, 1, 64–72.
Crawford-Mathis, K. J. (2009). Concepts and challenges of e-leadership. En I. Lee (Ed.), Electronic Business: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Daft, R. L. y Lengel, R. H. (1986). Organization information requirements, media richness, and structural design. Management Science, 32(5), 554–571.
Daim, T. U., Ha, A., Reutiman, S., Hughes, B., Pathak, U., Bynum, W., et al. (2012). Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams. International Journal of Project Management, 30(2), 199–212.
Dasgupta, P. (2011). Literature review: e-Leadership. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 4(1), 1–36.
De Andrea, D. C., Tong, S. T. y Walther, J. B. (2011). Dark sides of computer-mediated communication. En W. R. Cupach y B. H. Spitzberg (Eds.), The Dark Side of Close Relationships II. New York, NY: Routledge.
Derosa, D. M., Hantula, D. A., Kock, N. y d'Arcy, J. (2004). Trust and leadership in virtual teamwork: A media naturalness perspective. Human Resource Management, 43(2/3), 219–232.
De Sanctis, G. y Poole, M. S. (1994). Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use: Adaptive Structuration Theory. Organization Science, 5, 121–147.
De Sanctis, G. y Poole, M. S. (1997). Transitions in teamwork in new organizational forms. Advances in Group Processes, 14, 157–176.
Dreyfus, H. L., Dreyfus, S. E. y Athanasiou, T. (2000). Mind Over Machine. New York, NY: Free Press.
Eisenbeiss, M., Blechschmidt, B., Backhaus, K. y Freund, P. A. (2012). The (real) world is not enough: Motivational drivers and user behavior in virtual worlds. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26, 4–20.
Fan, K. T. (2013). Investigating the perceived of e-leadership style change and its consequence in virtual context. Diversity, technology, and innovation for operational competitiveness. In Actas de 2013 International Conference on Technology Innovation and Industrial Management. S4 298-S4 318.
Fan, K. T., Chen, Y. H., Wang, C. W. y Chen, M. (2014). E-leadership effectiveness in virtual teams: Motivating language perspective. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(3), 421–437.
Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. C. y Cannella, A. A. (2007). Strategic Leadership: Theory and Research on Executives, Top Management Teams, and Boards. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Gilstrap, C. y Hendershot, B. (2015). E-leaders and uncertainty management: A computer-supported qualitative investigation. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 16(1), 86–96.
Goldenberg, J. y Mazursky, D. (2002). Creativity in Product Innovation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hambley, L. A., O'Neill, T. A. y Kline, T. J. B. (2007). Virtual team leadership: perspectives from the field. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 3(1), 40–64.
Hiltz, S. R., Dufner, D., Holmes, M. y Poole, S. (1991). Distributes group support systems: Social dynamics and design dilemmas. Journal of Organizational Computing, 2(1), 135–159.
Hunsaker, P. L. y Hunsaker, J. S. (2008). Virtual teams: a leader's guide. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 14(1/2), 86–101.
Jarvenpaa, S. L., Leidner, D. E. y Pearlson, K. (1995). Global customer service for the computer and communications industry. En P. C. Palvia y E. M. Roche (Eds.), Global Information Technology and Systems Management. Harrisburg, PA: Ivy League Publishing.
Kahai, S. S. (2013). Leading in a digital age: What's different, issues raised, and what we know. En M. C. Bligh y R. E. Riggio (Eds.), Exploring Distance in Leader–Follower Relationships: When Near is Far and Far is Near.. New York, NY: Routledge.
Kahai, S. S., Sosik, J. J. y Avolio, B. J. (2003). Effects of leadership style, anonymity and rewards in an electronic meeting system context. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 499–524.
Kahai, S. S., Sosik, J. J. y Avolio, B. J. (2013). Effects of transformational leadership and media on collaboration and performance in virtual teams. En N. S. Hill y N. M. Lorinkova (Eds.), Leadership in Virtual Groups: Looking Back and Charting Paths Forward. Orlando, FL: Simposio realizado en la reunión de la Academy of Management.
Kayworth, T. R. y Leidner, D. E. (2002). Leadership effectiveness in global virtual teams. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(3), 7–40.
Korzynski, P. (2013). Online social networks and leadership. International Journal of Manpower, 34(8), 975–994.
Kramer, N. C. y Winter, S. (2008). Impression management 2.0: The relationship of self-steem, extraversion, self-efficacy, and self-presentation within social networking sites. Journal of Media Psychology, 20, 106–116.
Lee, A. E. (1994). Electronic mail as a medium for rich communication: An empirical investigation using hermeneutic interpretation. MIS Quarterly, 18(2), 145–157.
Lee, M. R. (2009). Effective virtual project management using multiple e-leadership styles. In Encyclopedia of e-Business Development and Management in the Global Economy, Business Science Reference. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Leonard, B. (2011). Managing virtual teams. HR Magazine, 56(6), 39–42.
Mac Lean, K. E. (2008). Haptic interaction design for everyday interfaces. Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 4, 149–193.
Malhotra, A., Majchrzak, A. y Rosen, B. (2007). Leading virtual teams. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(1), 60–70.
Mignonac, K. y Herrbach, O. (2004). Linking work events, affective states, and attitudes: An empirical study of managers' emotions. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 221–240.
Montoya, M. M., Massey, A. P. y Lockwood, N. S. (2011). 3 D collaborative virtual environments: Exploring the link between collaborative behaviors and team performance. Decision Sciences, 42, 451–476.
Politis, J. (2014). The effect of e-leadership on organizational trust and commitment of virtual teams. European Conference on Management, Leadership & Governance. Academic Conferences International Limited.
Purvanova, R. K. y Bono, J. E. (2009). Transformational leadership in context: Face-to face and virtual teams. The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 343–357.
Rosen, B., Furst, S. y Blackburn, R. (2006). Training for virtual teams: An investigation of current practices and future needs. Human Resources Management, 45(2), 229–247.
Savolainen, T. y Hakkinen, S. (2011). Trusted to lead: Trustworthiness and its impact on leadership. Technology Innovation Management Review, 52–56.
Shapiro, C. y Variant, H. R. (2000). El dominio de la información. Barcelona: Antoni Bosch.
Small, G. W., Moody, T. D., Siddarth, P. y Bookheimer, S. Y. (2009). Your brain on Google: Patterns of cerebral activation during Internet searching. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 116–126.
Sosik, J. J. (1997). Effects of transformational leadership and anonymity on idea generation in computer-mediated groups. Group & Organization Management, 22, 460–487.
Sosik, J. J., Avolio, B. J. y Kahai, S. S. (1997). The impact of leadership style and anonymity on group potency and effectiveness in a GDSS environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 89–103.
Sosik, J. J., Avolio, B. J., Kahai, S. S. y Jung, D. I. (1998). Computer-supported work group potency and effectiveness: The role of transformational leadership, anonymity, and task interdependence. Computers in Human Behavior, 14, 491–511.
Warkentin, M. E., Sayeed, L. y Hightower, R. (1997). Virtual teams versus face-to face teams: An exploratory study of a web-based conference system. Decision Sciences, 28(4), 975–996.
Weisband, S. (2008). Leadership at a Distance: Research in Technologically-Supported Work. New York, NY: Erlbaum.
Zaccaro, S. J. y Bader, P. (2003). E-leadership and the challenges of leading e-teams: Minimizing the bad and maximizing the good. Organizational Dynamics, 31(4), 377–387.
Zimmermann, A. (2011). Interpersonal relationships in transnational, virtual teams: towards a configurational perspective. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(1), 59–78.
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2016-09-22
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Liderazgo electrónico, un reto ineludible para las organizaciones de hoy. (2016). Estudios Gerenciales, 32(140), 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2016.08.003
